[Embargoed until Thursday, March 13, 2008, at 2 p.m. ET, to coincide with publication in the journal Science.]
Editor: Photographs and audio clips are available for this story. Please contact Mauricio Espinoza at (330) 621-6541 or espinoza.15@osu.edu.
WOOSTER, Ohio ââ¬â Ohio State University crop scientists have cloned a gene that controls the shape of tomatoes, a discovery that could help unravel the mystery behind the huge morphological differences among edible fruits and vegetables as well as provide new insight into mechanisms of plant development.
The gene, dubbed SUN, is only the second ever found to play a significant role in the elongated shape of various tomato varieties, said Esther van der Knaap, lead researcher in the study and assistant professor in the Department of Horticulture and Crop Science at Ohio Stateââ¬â¢s Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center (OARDC) in Wooster.
The discovery was reported, as the cover article, in the March 14 issue of the journal Science.
One of the most diverse vegetable crops in terms of shape and size variations, tomatoes have evolved from a very small, round wild ancestor into the wide array of cultivated varieties ââ¬â some large and segmented, some pear-shaped, some oval, some resembling chili peppers ââ¬â available through seed catalogs and for sale in supermarkets. However, very little is known about the genetic basis for such transformations in tomatoes, and virtually nothing has been discerned about morphological changes in other fruits and vegetables.
ââ¬ÅTomatoes are the model in this emerging field of fruit morphology studies,ââ¬Â van der Knaap pointed out. ââ¬ÅWe are trying to understand what kind of genes caused the enormous increase in fruit size and variation in fruit shape as tomatoes were domesticated. Once we know all the genes that were selected during that process, we will be able to piece together how domestication shaped the tomato fruit ââ¬â and gain a better understanding of what controls the shape of other very diverse crops, such as peppers and the cucumber and squash family.ââ¬Â
Here comes the SUN
One of the first pieces in van der Knaapââ¬â¢s fruit-development puzzle is SUN, which takes its name from the ââ¬ÅSun 1642ââ¬Â cultivated variety where it was found ââ¬â an oval-shaped, Roma-type tomato with a pointy end. The gene also turned out to be very common in elongated heirloom varieties, such as the Poblano pepper-like ââ¬ÅHoward Germanââ¬Â tomato.
ââ¬ÅAfter looking at the entire collection of tomato germplasm we could find, we noticed that there were some varieties that had very elongated fruit shape,ââ¬Â van der Knaap explained. ââ¬ÅBy genetic analysis, we narrowed down the region of the genome that controls this very elongated fruit shape, and eventually narrowed down that region to a smaller section that we could sequence to find what kind of genes were present at that location.
ââ¬ÅIn doing that,ââ¬Â van der Knaap continued, ââ¬Åwe identified one key candidate gene that was turned on at high levels in the tomato varieties carrying the elongated fruit type, while the gene was turned off in round fruit. And after we confirmed that observation in several other varieties, we found that this gene was always very highly expressed in varieties that carry very elongated fruit.ââ¬Â
Once SUN was identified, the next step involved proving whether this gene was actually responsible for causing changes in fruit shape. To do so, van der Knaap and her team conducted several plant-transformation experiments. When the SUN gene was introduced into wild, round fruit-bearing tomato plants, they ended up producing extremely elongated fruit. And when the gene was ââ¬Åknocked outââ¬Â of elongated fruit-bearing plants, they produced round fruit similar to wild tomatoes.
ââ¬ÅSUN doesnââ¬â¢t tell us exactly how the fruit-shape phenotype is altered, but what we do know is that turning the gene on is very critical to result in elongated fruit,ââ¬Â van der Knaap said. ââ¬ÅWe can now move forward and ask the question: Does this same gene, or a gene that is closely related in sequence, control fruit morphology in other vegetables and fruit crops?ââ¬Â
Van der Knaap and her team also found that SUN encodes a member of the IQ67 domain of plant proteins, called IQD12, which they determined to be sufficient ââ¬â on its own ââ¬â to make tomatoes elongated instead of round during the plant transformation experiments.
IQD12 belongs to a family of proteins whose discovery is relatively new in the world of biology. So new that IQD12 is only the second IQ67 protein-containing domain whose function in plants has been identified. The other one is AtIQD1, discovered in the plant model Arabidopsis thaliana, which belongs to the same family as broccoli and cabbage. In Arabidopsis, AtIQD1 increases levels of glucosinolate, a metabolite that Ohio State food and medical researchers are studying in broccoli for its possible role in inhibiting cancer (http://researchnews.osu.edu/archive/goodbroc.htm).
ââ¬ÅUnlike AtIQD1, SUN doesnââ¬â¢t seem to be affecting glucosinolate levels in tomato, since these metabolites are not produced in plants of the Solanaceous family (which includes tomato, peppers, eggplant and other popular crops),ââ¬Â van der Knaap explained. ââ¬ÅBut there appears to be a common link between the two genes, which is that they may be regulating tryptophan levels in the plant. Thus, SUN may be telling us more about the whole process of diversification in fruits and across plant species, perhaps through its impact on plant hormones and/or secondary metabolite levels.ââ¬Â
Jumping Gene
In the process of identifying and cloning SUN, van der Knaapââ¬â¢s team was also able to trace the origin of this gene and the process by which it came to reside in the tomato genome.
SUN, it turns out, arose as a result of an unusual gene-duplication carried out by a retrotransposon ââ¬â a type of transposable element or ââ¬Åjumping geneââ¬Â that can amplify itself anywhere in a genome. Studies showed that the segment of the genome associated with SUN ââ¬Åjumped,ââ¬Â from chromosome 10 to chromosome 7, via this retrotransposon (named Rider).
Such gene duplication, in the end, helped generate a longer tomato fruit that differed significantly from the berry-like fruits that existed before domestication and breeding of this popular modern crop.
ââ¬ÅOur discovery demonstrates that retrotransposons may be a major driving force in genome evolution and gene duplication, resulting in phenotypic changes in plants,ââ¬Â van der Knaap pointed out.
Another unique characteristic of the SUN gene is that it affects fruit shape after pollination and fertilization, with the most significant morphological differences found in developing fruit five days after plant flowering. The only other fruit-shape gene previously identified ââ¬â OVATE, a discovery by Cornell University plant breeder Steven Tanksley, van der Knaapââ¬â¢s advisor while she was a post-doctoral associate there ââ¬â influences the future look of a fruit before flowering, early in the ovary development.
Practical Applications
Beyond their contributions to the scientific communityââ¬â¢s understanding of plant development, van der Knaapââ¬â¢s SUN gene discovery and her ongoing research program have important implications for the vegetable- and fruit-production industry. Being able to control and modify fruit shape could lead to the development of new varieties, helping growers to serve specialty markets and processors to reduce costs.
ââ¬ÅThis discovery will tell us, too, how we can influence the process of fruit formation and facilitate the development of ââ¬Ëdesigner fruit,ââ¬â¢ ââ¬Â van der Knaap explained. ââ¬ÅThe design or control of fruit shape is especially useful when introducing new varieties. Depending on the goal of the breeding project, the creation of niche markets may require an unusual shape of the product so that consumers are curious to check it out.ââ¬Â
Co-authors of the Science paper include Eric Stockinger, associate professor in the Department of Horticulture and Crop Science at OARDC; Han Xiao, a postdoctoral researcher also in the Department of Horticulture and Crop Science; Ning Jiang, assistant professor of horticulture at Michigan State University; and Erin Schaffner, a former undergraduate student from the College of Wooster who conducted her independent study in van der Knaapââ¬â¢s lab.
Funding for this research came from the National Science Foundation (NSF).
For additional information about van der Knaapââ¬â¢s fruit morphology research, log on to http://www.tomatoshapes.net.
OARDC (http://oardc.osu.edu) is the research arm of Ohio Stateââ¬â¢s College of Food, Agricultural, and Environmental Sciences (http://cfaes.osu.edu).
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